Computer Viruses:-

Computer Viruses:-

 

The world of computers and information technology is going through an era of an electronic terrorism, in the form of the computer virus. It is a problem that is potentially so dangerous that it threatens the proper functioning of the virus system in today’s information age.
The virus whether biological or electronic is an information disorder. Biological viruses are tiny genetic codes DNA or RNA that take over the machinery of a living cell and are capable of marking thousand of replicas of the original virus. Like its biological counterpart, a computer virus carries in it an instructional code that makes copies of itself.
Computer viruses are computer programs which are a collection of coded instructions. The basic difference between a normal program and virus is that viruses are self replicating; they have the capacity of executing themselves without being asked for. The ‘Computer virus’ is a very broad term in itself and includes not only viruses, but also worms and Trojans.

 

Classification of Computer viruses:-

 

Viruses are classified on the basic of their mode of existence and there are three categories of viruses.

 

1. BOOT  Infector:-
2. SYSTEM  Infector:
3. GENERAL EXECUTABLE PROGRAM   Infectors:-

 

BOOT Infectors:-
As the name suggests, they are characterized by the fact that they are physically reside in the boot sector [0] sector of the disk. A system infected by such a virus will have the virus residing in a particular area of the disk rather then in a program file. These viruses get loaded soon after the Power Of Self Test and control the system and remains in control at all times. They some times have the capacity to trap soft booting (CTRL ALT DEL) and remain in control even if the system is booted from a non infected floppy, thereby contaminating the clean floppy.

 

SYSTEM Infectors:-
The second category of virus deals with components of the system itself. All machines without execution require an operating system in order to create an environment in which the operator works. In MS-DOS, COMMAND.COM contains all the internal commands. If no such command file exists, commands such as COPY, DIR etc. are not loaded into the memory when the machine is booted. The system infectors attach themselves to a file such as COMMAND.COM or other memory resident files and manipulate these files.

 

GENERAL EXECUTABLE PROGRAM Infectors:-
From the infection point of view, these are most dangerous and devastating of the three classes of viruses. They attach themselves to program files and can spread to almost any executable program in any system. These viruses change the original program instructions into a “jump” to its own code and follow that code with a return to the original program. As a result, whenever the program is executed, the virus gets loaded and executed first and then allows the original program to process. It remains memory resident and infects each and every program that is loaded for execution.

 

Types of Viruses:-

 

Worms:-
A worm is software that uses computer networks and security holes to replicate, or affect other programs. A copy of the worm passes through the network to another machine that has a specific security hole. It then copies itself to the new machine, and then starts replicating from there.

 

Macros:-
Macro viruses’ use commands-called macros-embedded in the other software applications to infect and spread to other files used by that software. For example, Microsoft Word and Excel have macros, and macro viruses can spread by exploiting these commands.

 

Boot Sector viruses:-
Boot sector viruses are older types of virus and are not so common today. They used to infect computers startup programs, so that the virus would become active as soon as the computer started up.

 

Trojan Horses:-
Trojan Horses are programs that claim to perform a particular function but which in fact do something different. For example, they could infect your computer with a virus or erase your files.

 

Backdoor Trojans:-
Backdoor Trojans are programs that allow other computer users to remotely control your computer via a local area network or the internet.

 

Resident Viruses:-
These types of virus hides permanently in the RAM memory. From here it can control and intercept all of the operations carried out by the system corrupting files and programs that are opened, closed, copied etc.

 

Direct Action Viruses:-
When a specific condition is met (such as the execution of the virus) these virus will go into action and infect files in the directory or folder that it in and others as well.

 

Overwrite Viruses:-
These types of viruses are characterized by the fact that it deletes the information contained in the files that it infects, rendering them particularly or totally useless once they have been infected.

About the Author

Computer Tricks: Introduction to Macros

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Olympus Zuiko Digital ED 50mm F2.0 Macro $669.9 The high-quality ZUIKO DIGITAL 50mm 1:2.0 Macro lens offers an equivalent range of 100mm on a 35mm film camera. This is a special macro photography lens designed for use with the Macro flash system but also equally good in normal use. Its 2.0 maximum aperture gives it great light-gathering power. The lens includes an ED element for sharp, brilliant colour images. It offers a magnification of 1:2 (half life size), which has an image magnification size equivalent to life size (1:1) in a 35mm film photo.

Tokina AT-X Pro Macro 35mm F2.8 DX $289.01 The Tokina AT-X Pro Macro 35mm F2.8 DX is a macro lens for Canon and Nikon crop sensors, bringing the equivalent to a 53.5mm focal length on Nikon DX sensors and 56mm on Canon APS-C sensors. Focusing distance can get as close as 14cm for superb macro photography. A maximum aperture of f/2.8 allows makes it a capable lens for shooting under low light conditions. A focus limiter helps accelerate operation during regular photography and designed with Tokina�fs Focus Clutch, it allows an easy switch from automatic to manual focus.

Nikon BR-2A Lens Macro Reversing Ring $49.35 Package Includes: ? Nikon BR-2A Lens Macro Reversing Ring for 50mm ? Original Package Nikon BR-2A Lens Macro Reversing Ring enables you to mount a 52mm front thread lens in reverse on Nikon cameras or PB-6 bellow, greatly increasing the macro reproduction range capabilities. Needs a BR-5 to mount for 62mm lens. Approximate Achieved Magnification with some lenses: AF 20mm F2.8 D 3.4X,AF 24mm f2.8 D 2.5X,AF 35mm f2 1.4X,AF 50mm F1.4 D 1X,AF 50mm F1.8 D 1X,AF 60mm F2.8 D 1X,AF 28 – 105mm F3.5-4.5D 2.8X- 1/1.8X.

Sigma 28mm F1.8 EX DG ASPHERICAL MACRO $469 Sigma 28mm f1.8 EX DG Aspherical MACRO Lens has a Super Multi Coating which reduces flare and ghosting that tends to occur when using digital SLR cameras.

Canon EF 100mm f/2.8 Macro USM Lens $557.99 1.32 lb 100 mm 12 Elements in 8 Groups 2.8 24° 3.10″ 4.70″ 4657A006 58 mm Auto focus lens for macro photography up to life-size (1x) magnification. Inner focusing affords a long working distance of 5.9″ at 1x. A 3-group floating system results in excellent delineation at all focusing distances. Ring USM for silent and high-speed AF, and full-time manual focusing also provided. Canon EOS Cameras Canon Canon, Inc EF EF 100mm f/2.8 Macro USM Lens Lens Macro Yes www.usa.canon.com

Canon EF 180mm f/3.5L Macro USM Lens $1459.99 14 Elements in 12 Groups 180 mm 1x 2.40 lb 2539A007 3.20″ 3.5 7.30″ 72 mm EF Extender 1.4x and 2x EOS (SLR) Camera Systems Another telephoto macro lens with a maximum magnification of 1x. Life-size close-ups can be taken from a farther distance without disturbing the subject (insects, etc.). The internal floating system minimizes fluctuations in aberrations caused by changes in the focusing distance. Optical performance is outstanding from 1x to infinity. Canon Canon, Inc EF EF 180mm f/3.5L Macro USM Lens Lens Macro www.usa.canon.com

LP01 Aluminium Alloy Macro Focus Rail Plate $19.99 Excellent quality. This venire regulation focusing rail slider is designed for all digital and film SLR cameras. Smooth rack and pinion movement provides extremely fine focusing adjustments. The geared drive system can greatly enhance accuracy and speed of adjustment of the focusing rail slider. And the macro focus rail plate will fit most tripods and copy stands. Positive locking knobs assure rock-steady focus. Aluminium Alloy Focusing Rail Plate is essential accessories for macro photography, which requires precise distance modifications and a steady hand, as well as other situations where accurate camera positioning is crucial. Macro Focusing Rail Slider was used for macro photography, or film negatives taken. Focusing Rail Slider is suitable for all digital and film SLR cameras.

The Macro Economy Today, Canadian Edition $51.12 With the CourseSmart eTextbook version of this title, students can save up to 50% off the cost of a print book, reduce their impact on the environment, and access powerful web tools for learning. Faculty can also review and compare the full text online without having to wait for a print desk copy. CourseSmart is an online eTextbook, which means users need to be connected to the internet in order to access. Students can also print sections of the book for maximum portability. Schiller/Phipps/Sabiston, The Macro Economy Today, Canadian Edition, is more concise and somewhat less analytical and mathematical than other first year texts. In some respects, it is better suited to the modern undergraduate. It does a better job of explaining some of the key issues without the cost of lengthy exposition. One of the main strengths of The Macro Economy Today is the way it connects theory and “real world” issues. The application to theory makes it easy for students to understand, especially at the college level. Students should be more inclined to read this text.

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